Password managers: European providers compared
Tools for securely storing and sharing credentials, here with a view to European and open-source solutions.
Recommendations
Passbolt
Luxembourg
Open-source password manager for teams from Luxembourg – self-hostable with strong rights management.
Proton
Switzerland
Swiss privacy suite with end-to-end encrypted email, calendar, drive, password manager and VPN.
Comparison table
Selection criteria
Distinguish between individual-user and team solutions. For teams, secure sharing, a roles/permissions concept and audit logs matter; for all users, end-to-end encryption, open-source (auditable) code and 2FA are important.
Data protection & compliance
Password managers store highly sensitive credentials. Pay attention to end-to-end/zero-knowledge encryption, open-source code (independently auditable), EU hosting or self-hosting and a DPA for business use.
The Sovereignty Score is an editorial orientation aid, not legal advice.
Typical use cases
- Securely storing and autofilling passwords
- Sharing credentials in the team (without passing them on in plain text)
- Role- and permission-based sharing in organizations
- Self-hosting for maximum data sovereignty
Pricing guidance
For individual users there are often free or low-cost plans. Team/business plans are billed per user per month; open-source solutions can be self-hosted for free (server costs apply).
Providers in this category
Passbolt
Luxembourg
Open-source password manager for teams from Luxembourg – self-hostable with strong rights management.
Proton
Switzerland
Swiss privacy suite with end-to-end encrypted email, calendar, drive, password manager and VPN.
Frequently asked questions
Is a cloud-based password manager safe?
Why open source?
The Sovereignty Score is an editorial orientation aid, not legal advice. How we rate.